The Little Girl Eater Evaluative Phase Essay Example for Free

The Little Girl Eater Evaluative Phase EssayI was most pleased with my own unique style and how it influenced the sort to make the drama piece feel as if the audience were more part of it even though my part was not schoolmasterly a really significant one it became a vital encouraging role but not overpowering contribution to the non-naturalism was probably the most noticeable as I am highly enthusiastic about performing them as it can be ridiculously surreal and compose captivate the audience seriously though without the lighting it would seem inappropriate and we were supposed to have to perform without lighting or sound. I thought my narration flowed at the correct pace which is unalike my usual self as normally I rush speaking long lines and mumble which is how I normally speak anyway but I have to concentrate to speak loudly and pull inly beca social occasion normally people can understand when I am just talking to them because I am not talking from distance and a smo kestack of people and I am hopeless at consciously making the effort of speaking louder.Our free radical created a more complex story line than we set out at first to do as we felt we were up for something hard, which created a divvy up more challenging all round as the narrating would have to be more detailed and precise, also the acting needs to grip the audience so that they wont miss a scene some otherwise catastrophe could occur and the audience might stop watching for a couple of minutes and the peace would of have been spoilt, we also used as much of the original text as we could so that the audience had something familiar a swell as completely astray to their conception of Mirandas future or past. We targeted to create an understanding of the important subject of facing death as it comes to you, we seemed to of have achieved this well through the cause between Miranda (Played by Megan) and the ghost of Paul Mason (played by Tim), In this scene i was happy with the buil d up of the ever raising voices and footing music because of the way it was so convincing and that the audience were captivated throughout more then any other scene.Jake worked the Lighting box for us and he carried it out with exceedingly high standards specially as it was his first attempt ever at lighting in a lighting box. We did not use costume in the final performance, however though we did have some good ideas such as for Paul Mason we were going to have milklike blue contact lenses and white robes for an eerie appearance because he is a spirit returning from the dead, for everyone else It think it would be appropriate to have a macabre base with maybe a few casual accessories like hats and belts but something different for Miranda that would show that she was the only one who could see the ghost, which would of have created an effective contrast.The other groups performances were all fantastic. It was very clear that everyone contributed metaphorically heavily into their performance. I cant remember the group but I can remember that there was a marvellous exploration of the topic of finding a long lost family and the emotions that come with them quite often trauma, confusion and recklessness. In the group consisting of Kathryn Gray, Sophie Bridges, Yannick Mitchell and Nyiesha, they had very clear non-naturalistic scenes the most effective from my point of view was their Physical theatre clocks performed by Yannick and Kathryn. Sophie Bridges probably narrated the best out of the groups as she had a lot of lines and had to spontaneously improvise which she managed so well I only realised when it was mentioned by one of their group members.My favourite performance was that of The group consisting of Ayla Cunningham, Stephanie Dunstan And Jake Nason. All of the ideas were original and Exciting They had very slick movement between scenes with their non-naturalism. Ayla took on a challenge of taking on a demanding, authoritative role which she pulled of f convincingly even if she had do one or deuce mistakes in her lines she covered them up well by not hesitating the slightest when correcting herself Which would normally be uncomplicated to pick up on but it almost seemed as if it were planned before hand.Luke Bacon, Tabbatha Clarke and Alfie Butler performed an almost completely improvised performance as two of their group members were missing twice in a row. their performance was great fun to watch as they had not had conviction to polish and improve still managing a captivating atmosphere the lighting was also timed in an appropriate manner after some difficulties at the start with a capable connection to one of the wires in the lighting box.This Unit of The Little Girl Eater has affected my way of looking at others needs and how they are sometimes more important then mine even if they seem not to be and that I should be considerate to others welfare unless they take it for granted in which case I would leave them be as they do not deserve any help what so ever. I have also make that usually there is logic beneath everything even if it seems unjustifiable. I learnt that revenge should be dealt with careful precautions and that when dealing it to consider their state of mind at the time to the state of mind they are in now, also would they change what they had done if they could? would be a good question to ask yourself, also to remember how it made you feel and that you are just as bad as them if you do to them as they have done to you.

Ethnics Unit 3 DB Essay Example for Free

Ethnics Unit 3 DB EssayIn the ancestry and corporate world of the contemporary society, this is a dominant principle currently being applied and observed by the group of the employers as well as the employees. This principle is regarding the current biological and physiological condition of a certain employee and connection with the personal aspect of drug use. This principle is mainly that drug use is and should be regarded as personal education thus it is in truth private in nature and that employers should only access it on a need-to-know basis or only in exceptionally cases. The verbalize statement is indeed logical and that it should be dominantly applied and observed in the corporate world especially the employers side. However, the said statement also expressively given also rights for he employers to know on exceptional cases. Employers indeed are notably to be on the perspective of pursuing the interest of the business and the protection of its safe and stability . On this reason, the must require full comprehension regarding the background and condition of their employees as their need-to-know basis. However, drug use information should be held rightfully private if the said information has no connection and/or present or future influence on the condition of the employee and its ability.Other cases such as personal matters pertaining to the employees physical and medical condition should hold the drug use information of the said personnel to be accessible for the employers. In this aspect, if indeed the safety and medical condition of the employee is greatly change by the drug use information of the employee and that the working condition and ability of the said individual is affected by the his or her history of drug use, then the employer should have the right to know the said information as included in the exceptional cases entailed in the previous statement. In addition, if the drug use information is generally therapeutical and medica l in nature, then the information should be publicly disclosed to the employers for safety purposes.BibliographyHumber, James M. (1992). Privacy in the Corporation. Business Ethics. Prometheus Books, New York. Pages 250-60.

Organismic Valuing Process

Organismic Valuing ProcessOne of the most prominent excogitations in spite of appearance psychoanalytic therapy is that of transference, as developed by Freud (1912), it is a regale whereby the node unconsciously redirects their feelings and attitudes about a person in their aside on to the therapist. Freud (1912) understood that these feelings bath come in two forms either by the means of verificatory transferences, in which the therapist is seen in a in truth overbearing light or through negative transferences where hostile feelings be portrayed onto the therapist. Freud put very much(prenominal) of his emphasis on positive transferences suggesting that it is this transference which is helpful in forming the basis for a useful working alliance, thus signifying that the therapist who is viewed in the most positive light has much more power to cure in that location thickening. (Falchi,2009) Freud viewed transference as a defense mechanism mechanism he called repetition compulsion, he believed that pot provide repeat past events or doings which was distressing in earlier life history in the here and flat, this he believed was how transference is so little to understanding the repetition compulsion.It is inevitable that maturations within psychoanalytic scheme earn lead to alterations in the meaning and usage of the term transference. Melanie Klein (1952) diverged from Freud and introduced her own psychoanalytic technique, in which she enriched and expanded upon the concept of transference, postulating that the presence of transference within the therapy room was representative of the fears, feelings, and fantasies, associated with former nonpluss which be reconstructed for the present relationship. (Daniels 2003) Furthermore Klein (1952) proposed that these feelings and attitudes where not necessarily an accurate representation of previous relationships, but only the mixture of actual experiences and unconscious phantasys which the c lient holds in there inner world, which ar constantly functioninged via projection, re-introjections, and re-projection. For congressman the father that the person views in there inner world may be very different from the actual father of there past.Transference is forthwith viewed as a at move to which manifests itself-importance in all relationships whether it be therapeutic, personal or professional, unresolved past issues are defended from reaching consciousness by the mould of transference as these feelings are projected into current relationships.The process of transference has been criticised by those such as Jones (2003) as lacking confirmable validation and verifiability, even analysis of the Transference is still viewed as creation a fundamental and potent aspect psychoanalytic therapy, which allows the client to experience and excerpt in a very vivid way those unresolved feelings, thoughts and object relations which may have been deeply repressed, by exploring t he clients typical interactions using a here and now approach to patient therapy. It allows the therapist into the clients inner world in order to gather understanding of there unconscious processes. Through acknowledging and implementing the process of transference it allows analysts to body forth there patients in understanding how past events may have shaped there current world as well as disconnecting from issues in their past in order to accept their past as part of their identity without it overshadowing their life and creating problems in the unconscious.As emphasised by Klein (1952), the process of transference is a fundamental aspect within psychoanalytic therapy, because of what it reveals about the clients internal-object world as well as providing opportunities for therapeutic modifications bu modifying the harshness of internalized objects and inner persecutors.. For instance, the client may experience the analyst as the bad object of their past. In such a case it is i mportant that new modes of interpersonal relating are learned, via the analysts ability to provide the client with the necessary counterbalance to the bad objects during the transference, in these conditions early anxieties understructure be alleviated so therapeutic diversity heap occur. (Daniels, 2003)Providing the correct environment is established, the process of transference can become a very useful analytical tool. For instance, in emplacements where a kidskin has been neglected or even severely ill-use by their parents, providing a safe setting for this individual may allow them to project their negative feelings towards their parents onto the therapist. By the therapist being neither abusive nor bedraggled in rejoinder to the client, and instead providing the client with a stable and accepting relationship in which they are viewed very importantly, it allows the client to come to terms with and express there true feelings towards their parents, which were far to dang erous to articulate in there previous setting. Once these have been expressed the patient is wantly to feel much more relieved.It is clear that the concept of transference have significantly contributed to the process of psychoanalysis, if a strong transference relationship is produced which is safe for exploration, then transference becomes an all important(p) analytical tool to discovering the unconscious.Outline Melanie Kleins concept of the paranoid schizoid and depressive position in babe psychic development. To what extent does Kleins theory differ from that of Freud?Psychoanalytic theory has been constantly developed since the times of Freud, One detect psychoanalyst who diverged away from Freud was Melanie Klein. (1965). by stressing on human relationships as the principal motivational agitate in life she deviated from the traditional psychoanalytic focus on pleasure seeking behaviour and aggression as the key drives to successful development.Klein (1952) postulated th at it is the development during the very raw(a) months and years of life which is vital in providing the foundation for the character which will continue throughout. Furthermore Klein (1946) proposes that the earliest stage of infantile psychic development is comprised of the successful completion of two distinctive developmental positions, the paranoid-schizoid and the depressive positions.The paranoid schizoid position was postulated by Klein (1946) as occurring at the earliest phase of development. Klein believed at this primitive stage in development, objects can only be perceived as being all nigh or all bad, which she believed to be a defence mechanism, known as splitting. It is understood that this mechanism is implemented as a part of the infants inherited predisposition to reduce and to cope with any anxiety that they experience, collectable to the unpredictable nature of the world well-nigh them. Klein focused very much on the mothers pap when introducing the idea of s plitting. She suggested that at this stage in development the bureau can only be seen as two separate objects wither all good or all bad for the infant. Thus the breast can be introjected into the babies world in two ways either as satisfying its immediate needs this would be viewed as the good breast on the other hand the child is also likely to introject breast as being a bad object if it has an unsatisfying feed. The child can not understand that the breast belongs to a whole object and is not separate.If the ego is developed sufficiently then over time good and bad can be integrated by the infant and ambivalence and conflict can be tolerated. This is a sign of the development into the depressive position. This is the stage where the infant begins to recognise that it is not omnipotent and that the mother is a whole object. As the child realises that it is possible to tolerate ambivalence and thus to recognize whole objects that express both good and bad aspects, it begins to f eel depressed in that there is no longer any all good objects but it also feels delinquency about the fantasies of destroying the bad object which they now realise is not separate. The depressive position is never fully resolved, and psychological life is a continuing pursuit of payment for the harm done.Klein is renowned for her divergence from the traditional psychoanalytic ideas introduced by Freud. One of the main differences is apparent when exploring views on development within the first year of life, specially the development of the ego and the superego. Klein differed from Freud in this respect she did agree that the psychic contained the ID, ego and the superego. However she argued that all components can to some degree be noted from give birth suggesting that the superego is in operation much before the end of the Oedipus complex rather than following it as suggested by Freud (1923). Klein also saw the superego as being preferably harsh and cruel within the paranoid s chizoid position of development before developing into a more forgiving and helpful one in the depressive position.Freud was highly criticised by Jung as well as other psychoanalysts for his huge emphasis on pleasure and sexual drives in the development of infants this is where Klein diverged from Freuds ideas that humans as purely pleasure seeking individuals and instead focuses on, relationships as central to what it is to be human, as well as key to psychotherapy, especially the relationship with the therapist. Klein seems to shift the focus from biologically predetermined stages of development and instead introduces the role that early phantasys play in the formation of interpersonal relations and the understanding of the world. In Kleins usage, unconscious phantasys be all thought and activity, whether that is creative or destructive, phantasys are vital to the expression of internal object relations in the analytic situation. Although Freud did recognize the existence of phan tasys within development he did not see them as key to development tending to focus much of his attention instead on the unconscious.Describe Rogerss concept of the Organismic Valuing Process (OVP). Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this aspect of Person Centred theory.One of the fundamental concepts within humanistic psychology is that of the organismal valuing process (OVP). Rogers (1952) refers to this as the innate temperament to automatically select, pursue and seek those situations which fit into our inherent aspirations, in order to lead a fulfilling life. It is a subconscious and biologically driven process which guides good deal in evaluating new experiences to maintain or enhance their growth potential and eventually reach actualization. In order for this to be achieved it is important that their values are not fixed, but instead experiences are evaluated in terms of the satisfactions which are innately experienced this process is called the organismic valuing pro cess.From birth, children innately respond to their sensory experiences, they will repeat and value those experiences which generate good feelings for them. However it seems as though it is at this stage where difficulties and incongruences are likely to develop. It is very common at this stage, that judgemental and precise messages can be portrayed towards the infant, this is usually through there parents attempt to implement rules of behaviour, consequently this leads to feelings of incongruence between what the infant is experiencing as good, their organismic valuing process, and how this is viewed by others., This can lead to the child internalising the values and beliefs portrayed by others, a process called conditions of worth, this will shape an individual into someone who is cut off from their own reek of worth and value this can become a vicious cycle as they begin to behave in ways which they feel is expected of them and not to there true organismic feelings, this is bel ieved to prevent all personal growth for the individual.As the individual grows older this valuing process is essential if they are to achieve self actualization, under favourable circumstances it allows the development of an optimum self-esteem and an accurate sense of who the person really is as well as who they would ideally like to become. This gives the individual clear goals which they can work towards in order to reach self actualization. It is inevitably that life is never this simple and everyone faces high demands and responsibilities within there everyday life which can alter what they choose to do, as they feel responsibility for certain jobs and situation which can shift the person away from their organismic valuing process.At first glance the idea of an organismic valuing process, where individuals can rely freely on the evidence of their own senses to make value judgments, seems to be a very appealing and positive outlook. However it is also viewed by those such as Co fer Appley (1964) as a very nave and overly optimistic recital of human nature. It is very questionable that all humans have an innate drive to do good. A lot of criticism towards Rogers approach has centered around its failure to provide insight into the evil side of human nature such as criminals and violent people who do not seem to be functioning in this innately positive way, On the other hand it has been suggested by those such as Myers (2000) that there may in fact be such a skill as an organismic valuing process, when analysing self reports on peoples views of their lives, most people reported feeling happy and very satisfied with their lives, this query suggests that although it may seem, overly optimistic to think that people strive for good it also seems as though people are very good at reaching and striving towards a stage where they are very satisfied with there lives.A further criticism of the organismic value processing is that there is inadequate empirical resear ch to support its premises. It is very difficult to define and measure such a subjective concept scientifically, therefore the concept lacks empirical evidence, therefore the theory has to be criticized for not providing substantial evidence for its assumptions. Although it is heavily criticized for its lack of empirical evidence there have been attempts to investigate the organismic valuing process such as by Sheldon et al (2003) by investigating the way in which people change their goal choices over time, to investigate if people tend to change their goals, they found that people tend to move away from those goals which are extrinsic in nature and move towards intrinsic goals suggesting that there is such a thing as OVP. They concluded that people may have a positive bias toward changing their minds in directions most likely to be SWB enhancing inclination of an orbit three behavioural interventions that might be used in cognitive-behavioural therapy, explain the theoretical ratio nale for using these techniques and explain how they might operate to facilitate client changeCognitive behavioural therapy is a key speakment in overcoming, anxieties, addictions and phobias. It is increasingly used by clinicians as an empirically valid way to treat clients, by focusing on the problem in the here and now. Instead of investigating the past as a cause of these problems rather it looks for ways to make better your state of mind now, for this reason it is becoming more popular in the therapeutic world. Furthermore behavioural interventions are seen as core aspects of CBT and are seen as vital to assist the client in reducing the frequency as well as eliminating any unwanted or maladaptive behaviours. There are various forms of behavioural intervention and the one used will depend on the circumstances of the client.One key behavioural intervention is, Systematic desensitization which was introduced by Wople (1958) this is a therapeutic intervention which focuses its attention on the process of relaxation in overcoming phobias and anxiety disorders. It aims to reduce the link between the distressing situation/object and the subsequent feeling of anxiety which can be inhibiting to the clients ability to function and manage there everyday life. The process relates substituting the previous response to a feared stimulus for example public speaking with a contradictory message, such as relaxation which is introduced by the therapist step by step. over time this will lead to the positive reactions to the situation therefore diminishing or hopefully eradicating the negative responses all togetherThis behavior modification technique of systematic desensitization, which is founded on the principles of classical conditioning, can be used to facilitate client change in some of the most common fears such as public speaking. In this situation the therapist can facilitate change by introducing the client to three key techniques. The initial process will in volve progressive relaxation training , a technique initially perfected by Edmund Jacobson during the 1930s. The next stage would involve the client ordering anxiety evoke situations into a hierarchy ranging from very anxiety provoking i.e performing in a theatre, to low anxiety provoking i.e performing to one person. The client can thus move through the hierachy by pairing the activity with the relaxation techniques learned previously. Thus, a gradual desensitization occurs, with relaxation replacing alarm.Another behavioral intervention which is implemented by therapists as well as teachers and trainers is kindly skills training (SST) used to help those who have difficulties relating to other people. This is a key process in improving peoples well being, a person who lacks these essential social skills can have great difficulty when communicating in everyday life this can lead to social isolation. It is in these situations when favorable skills training can become an essential behavioral intervention. The therapist begins by dismantling these complex social behaviors into manageable chunks. In order of difficulty, and then to gradually introduce them to the patients, so they can learn in a manageable way the social skills postulate to become more integrated into society.How the specific behaviourintervention you describe e.g. a behavioural experiment, systematic desensitisationwould be seen by a behaviorist therapist as helpful in bringing about a change inthe clients behaviour i.e. what are the processes and mechanisms thought to beinvolved?Social skills training is a process which focuses on teaching the patients ways to avoid those social situation which may affect there behavior in a negative way for example for an alcoholic it is important to establish the behavior for drinking at parties where alcohol is served, or when they find themselves in other situations in which others may pressure them to drink. The SST would view the This can be very inf luential as part of the process of preventing the alcoholic from continuing with such behavior.A key behavioral intervention involves Reinforcement techniques focusing on operant conditioning It is theorized therefore that human behaviour is both learned and governed by its antecedents and its consequences. Simply put, children are more likely to learn and retain behaviours for which they receive positive reinforcement (reward) and are less likely to learnThe first process in being able to facilitate client change is to carry out a functional analysis in order to understand which conditions are responsible for maintaining the behaviour, wherefore and when the behaviour occursThis is a process in which the therapist is required to carry out a detailed assessment which can identify the complex patterns of behaviour which are involved in the behaviour which needs to be solved Functional assessments are used to identify the most powerful reinforcement, after these have been established the therapist can then intervenes to assist client in changing these conditions Interventions are designed to achieve long term, generalised behaviour change in target and related skill areas (McGahan, 2001). The aim is to modify reinforcement schedules to increase the desired behaviour and decrease the undesired behaviourThese behavioural interventions are useful ways to prevent the persistence of negative behaviours within cognitive behavioural therapy in an ethical way unlike those interventions such as horror therapy.

Efficacy of Herbal Shampoo and Pesticides for Head Lice

Efficacy of Herbal Shampoo and Pesticides for Head LiceEfficacy of herb tea tea wash of genus Garcinia dulcis(Roxb.) Kurz ( Clusiaceae) comp bed with chemic pediculicides for repoint lice discussion in Thailand Sirawut Sittichok1 and Mayura Soonwera1AbstractCurrently, preference pediculicide from plant are need for thinker lice handling because of chemical over-the -counter have helpless in efficacy due to increasing safeguard of division lice( Pediculus humanus capitis ) to chemical over-the-counter worldwide .As the result , this lead was to assess the efficacy of herb tea wash of Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz (Clusiaceae) compared with two chemical pediculides ( carbaryl wash Hafif lave 0.6% w/v carbaryl and permethrin shampoo Scully Anti-Lice shampoo 0.5% w/v permethrin) and plunder shampoo (Care mess up shampoo) for transport uproom lice treatment. In vitro study employ the slabber paper method with three demigods of 0.002, 0.003 and 0.006 ml/cm2 of each treatment for assessing the toxicity of each treatment on death array of nymph and adult of bye ice. The results revealed that as the concentration of treatment increased from the doses of 0.002, 0.003 and 0.006 ml/cm2, the mortality rate of nymphs and adults of head liceincreased. Moreover,the most pediculicidal activity was shown by the dose 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo at 10 bit,showing atomic number 6% mortality of nymphs( LT50 value of 0.2 moment and LC50 value of 0.00001 ml/cm2) and adults(LT50 value of 0.7 min and LC50 value of 0.001 ml/cm2). In addition, these results showed to a greater extent nitty-grittyive on pediculicidal activity than carbaryl shampoo (LT50 values ranged from 6.3 to 10.1 min), permethrin shampoo (LT50 values ranged from 28.9 to 61.8 min) and baby shampoo (LT50 values ranged from 77.3 to 87.1 min). For the results of in vivo test showed that G. dulcis shampoo likewise exhibited 100 % of bring around rate after the 2nd and 3rd treatments an d these result was more(prenominal)(prenominal) orderive for head lice treatment than two chemical pediculicides and baby shampoo( recruit rate ranged from 0 to 96.7%). Consequently, the results of this study pointed that G. dulcis shampoo showed senior graduate(prenominal) potential for to be used as alternative pediculicide for head lice treatment of children in Thailand .Keywords Pediculus humanus capitis, herbal shampoo, Garcinia dulcis , carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampooCorresponding author M. Soonwera () and S. SittichokIntroduction Pediculosis capitis (head lice infestation), caused by the wingless insect, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera Pediculicidae), is one of the most ectoparasitic infestation of human worldwide and touch mostly children with more than a meg per year worldwide. However,Each year ,nearly five million of children and parent are newly infested ( pediculosis) with this ectoparasitic insect (Pilger et al., 2010 and Roberts, 2002). Th e some researchers reported that, an yearbook rate of 15 million infestation with head lice and cost of 150 US$ per treatment in the the States, the overall annual cost of head lice treatments are estimated to be US$ 2,250 million . In addition, over-the-counter pediculicides sales in the USA were estimated at US$ 240 million per year in 1997 and increased to US$ 350 million per year in 2003 (West , 2004). Furthermore, the Ameri target infested children are lost 12-24 million school days per year by No Nit Policy (the policy for infested schoolchildren, before they can return to schools ,they to be free of nits ,nymphs and adults of head lice )( National Association of School Nurses,2016) . So, annual economic loss owing to missed workdays and schooldays by parents and infect children who have to stay home estimated of US$ 4-8 billion to the countrys economy (Ko and Elston, 2004 Leung et al.,2005). However, numerous case of head lice infestations has been reported throughout t he world (Eroglu et al., 2016 Doroodgar et al., 2014). Generally , the neurotoxic insecticides ( much(prenominal) as malathion, cabaryl, lindane, permethrin) used as pediculicides for head lice treatment worldwide and head lice resistance to neurotoxic pediculicides have occurred in some(prenominal) parts of the world. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016,Devore et al.,2015 and Devore and Schutze ,2015). The alternative pediculicides for head lice treatments are critical needed. However ,alternative pediculicides from plants or herbs have attracted a good pediculicides to develop the new potion for head lice treatment, because of their low mammalian toxicity and conserve for children, mode of action that are not neurotoxic and the possibility that they will have a low potential for the development of head lice resistance (Rassami and Soonwera, 2013 Strycharz et al.,2014). In addition, Gallardo et al.(2012) and Toloza et al.(2006) reported the pediculicidal activities of essential oils from Geranium maculatum ( geranium) ,Myrcianthes cisplatensis ,Eucalyptus cinerea , Eucalyptus viminalis and Eucalyptus saligna .The lotions based on essential oils from lavender ,peppermint and eucalyptus exhibited pediculicidal properties( Audino et al.,2007).Moreover, herbal shampoos of Averrhoa bilimbi ,Clitoria ternatea,Myristica fragrans , Plectranthus amboincus, Tacca chantrieri, Zingiber cassumunar and genus Zanthoxylum limonella exhibited laid-back pediculicidal activities ( Rassami and Soonwera,2013).The pediculosis among Thai preschool children(3-5 years old) and Thai primaryschool children(6-12 years old) ,especially the children in the rural area of Thailand were high level with more than 50% and normally the frist resource for head lice treatment of them were chemical control. Unfortunately, mostly the chemical pediculicides in Thailand market are neurotoxic pediculicides ( such as pediculicides consist of lindane, malathion ,carbaryl and permethrin ) and several products have lost in efficacy due to increasing resistance of head lice to chemical pediculicides (Rassami and Soonwera, 2013). Moreover ,the high toxic effects of chemical pediculicides to children were enter in several part of the world.The mode of action of chemical pediculicides to children were toxic to the childrens respiratory and nervous systems(Eisenhower and Farrington,2012). Consequently , the infested children in Thailand needed the effective and safety pedicilicides for head lice treatment, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pediculicidal activity of herbal shampoo from Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz (Clusiaceae) against head lice and compared pediculicidal activity with two chemical pediculicides (carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo, 0.6% w/v carbaryl), permethrin shampoo (Scully Anti-Lice shampoo, 0.5% w/v permethrin)) and one baby shampoo (Care baby Shampoo) in vitro and in vivo test. In addition, G. dulcis plant is cognize as Maphutin Thailand.Thi s plant silver is an edible plant and take and use asmedicinal plant in Thailand. All part of G. dulcis have long been used in traditional Thai medicines such as expectorant , antipyretic, antitoxic, anti-inflammatory and tonic. The mature production of G. dulcis also can be used for soft drink , jam or harvest-feast cattle ranch (Fig.1, Deachathai et al., 2005 and Lim, 2011). For this reason, herbal shampoo from G. dulcis is the selected herbal shampoo in this study. We will hope that G. dulcis shampoo is the good , effective and safety herbal product for to be used as alternative pediculicide for Thai infested children especially rural children in Thailand.Materials and MethodsCollection of Garcinia dulcis fruits and herbal shampoo of Garcinia dulcisThe leaves, flowers, raw and mature fruits of this plant were self-collected from Bangkok and Nakhonratchasima province ( wedlock-eastern part of Thailand),Thailand during May-June 2016 (Fig. 1) for identification by the taxonom ist of Faculty of Agricultural technology, King Mongkuts Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok, Thailand. The extracts from mature fruits of Garcinia dulcis were used for herbal shampoo by medicinal plant scientist of Medicinal Plant Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, KMITL. All herbal shampoo of Garcinia dulcis for this research was provided free of thrill from Medicinal Plant Laboratory. chemical shampoo and baby shampooCarbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo, 0.6% w/v carbaryl) this chemical product was a common pediculicide in Thailand . This product was purchased from IDS Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Pathumthani province, Thailand and used as positive control.Permethrin shampoo (Scully shampoo, 0.5% w/v permethrin) ,It was the chemical product and usually used as pediculicide in Thailand. It was purchased from Sherwood Chemical Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Chacheangsao province, Thailand and used as positive control.Baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo) ,this baby shampo o was purchased from Colgate-Palmolive (Thailand) Ltd. 700/362, Bangna-Trad km57, Amphur Muang, Chonburi Province 20000, Thailand and used as invalidating control.Collection of head liceThis study was approved by the Ethics committee of the Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkuts Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok, Thailand ( 2559-01-04-013) and in collaboration with the directors and teachers of thee primary schools at Bangkok, Thailand. However, the 250 of schoolchildren were infested with head lice and to collaboration in this study. All head lice ( 3rd nymphs and adults) were collected by the anti-head lice combs from collaborating schoolchildren . Moreover, the protocol for head lice treatment of collaborating schoolchildren ,allowed using only the anti-head lice combs during 30 days.Afterward, nymphs and adults of head lice were dislocated by carefully removing them from teeth of the combs into clean insect boxes (18.023.0x5.5 cm) and were transpor ted them to Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, KMITL, within 30 min. All nymph and adults of head lice were identification by Entomologist of our Faculty, as Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Pediculidae Phthiraptera). The P.humanus capitis specimens to be used as the further reference specimens for further research and were kept in the museum of Faculty of Agricultural Technology , KMITL.BioassayThe assay used filter paper contact to evaluate the pediculicidal activity of four shampoos (G dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo ,permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo) and the distrillation water system( negative control) in vitro. This bioassay was adapted from Rssami and Soonwera( 2013) and Soonwera(2016) and 30 min after head lice collection,the bioassay was stared. The doses of 0.002 ,0.003 and 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo, baby shampoo and di noneffervescentation water ( negative control ) were applied to the filter paper (Whatman No1, 4.8 cm diameter) and after drying for 30 s, each filter paper was placed on the bottom of a petri dish (5.0 cm diameter). Afterward, selection on a lower floor the stereomicroscope (Nikon Type 102) for the10 nymphs (the 3rd stage nymphs) or the adults of head lice and were placed them on each filter paper. The mortalities of nymphs or adults on each filter paper were recorded under dissecting stereomicroscope at 10, 30 and 60 min. In addition, the criteria for mortality of all head louse was be as the complete absence of any merry signs from the external and the internal structures of head lice such as legs ,antennae ,digestive system, nervous system and muscular system with or without stimulation by micro-paintbrush (Rassami and Soonwera , 2013).The criteria for the pediculicidal activity was adapted from Sonwera(2016) was define as the LT50 value of treatement was less than 1.0 min. All treatments were replicated 10 times. The mortality data was statistic analyzed with Duncans multiple range test (DMRT) using SPSS for windows version 16.0. The LT50 and LC50 values were deliberate by Probit analysis.In vivo test, The total number of 120 infested (pediculosis) schoolchildren between the ages 5 to 12 years from three primary schools in Ladkrabang district, Bangkok, Thailand were selected to participate in the experiment. In addition, the criteria for pediculosis was defined as the presence of at least on the alive egg or nit (alive nit was within 0.5-1.0cm of hair from the scalp and tan to coffee colour with an intact operculum) , the living nymph or the living adult. All infested schoolchildren in this study allowed using only the anti-head lice comb for head lice treatment and during the observational period, they had not been hardened head lice with any chemical pediculicides or any herbal shampoos. The 120 infested schoolchildren were randomly and separated into four groups (10 schoolchildren per group per school).However, all t reatment was replicated three times, as followsGroup 1 treated with G. dulcis shampooGroup 2 treated with carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo, 0.6% w/v carbaryl)Group 3 treated with permethrin shampoo (Scully shampoo, 0.5% w/v permethrin)Group 4 treated with baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo)However, all infested schoolchildren in the groups were treated with G. dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo by applying 20 ml of each shampoo to a wet hair and scalp per head for 5 min and then rinsed off with the clean water. The recover rate (no pediculosis) was recorded of 1 day after the 1st finishing . In addition , the second practical application was started 1 day after the first application for the infested schoolchildren (pidiculosis)in the groups ,after the first application.They were treated with the tested shampoos for restored and recorded the bring around rate . The third application was started 1 day after the second application, the infested s choolchildren( pediculosis) in the groups ( after the 2nd application) were treated with the tested shampoos for cured and recorded the cure rate . In addition , the criteria for cure rate was defined as the complete absence of the alive nit, the living nymph and the living adult of head lice on hair and scalp of schoolchildren and criteria for pediculicide was defined as 100% of cure rate.ResultsThe efficacy of four tested shampoos ( G. dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo) on mortality of 3rd stage nymphs of P. humanus capitis as shown in elude 1 . The most effective in pediculicide was shown by the 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo caused 100% mortality of nymphs at 10 min, LT50 value of 0.2 min and LC50 value of 0.00001 ml/cm2 . Moreover , this results exhibited significant in pediculicide (LT50value less than 1.0 min) over carbaryl shampoo ( 82.0% mortality,LT50value of 6.3min) ,permethrin shampoo( 42.0%mortality ,LT50value of28.9 min) and baby shampoo ( 35.0% mortality ,LT50 value of 77.3 min). However, at the dose of 0.003 ml/cm2 revealed that G. dulcis shampoo caused 100% mortality at 30 min and LT50 values ranged from 2.2 min , followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with 78.0 , 48.0 and 39.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 8.2 , 55.8 and 79.2 min ,respectively. At the dose of 0.002 ml/cm2, G. dulcis shampoo exhibited 100% mortality at 30 min and LT50 value of 3.7 min followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with 77.0 , 44.0 and 37.0% mortality and LT50 values of 9.1 , 58.5 and 87.1 min , respectively. However , based on the LC50 values indicated the order of the effective in pediulicide of tested shampoo as G. dulcis shampoo ( 0.00001 ml/cm2) carbaryl shampoo( 0.002ml/cm2) permethrin shampoo ( 0.1ml/cm2) baby shampoo( 1.8 ml/cm2). However , no mortality of all nymph at all dose in distillation water group was observed ,so distillation water was nontoxic to all ny mphs during the testing timeThe results of in vitro test of P. humanus capitis adults as shown in Table 2 and Fig. 3. At the dose 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo was the most toxic to head lice adults with 100% mortality at 10.0 min, LT50 value of 0.7 min , followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with72.0 , 41.0 and 32.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 6.7 , 35.2 and 79.6 min, respectively . Moreover, the mortality results of head lice adults of G. dulcis shampoo showed significant pediculicidal activity (LT50 50 values ranged from 6.7 to 35.2 min) and baby shampoo (LT50 value of 79.6 min). At dose of 0.003 ml/cm2 revealed that of G. dulcis shampoo also showed the most toxic to head lice adults with 100% mortality at 60 min and LT50 value of 3.3 min , followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with77.0 , 60.0 and 41.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 9.5 , 38.5 and 80.6 min, respectively . In addition , G. dulcis shampoo at the dose of 0.02 ml/cm2 caused 84.0 % mortality of head lice adults at 60 min and LT50value of 4.4 min ,followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with70.0 , 50.0 and 31.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 10.1 , 61.8 and 87.6 min, respectively. Moreover, based on LC50 value pointed that of G. dulcis shampoo was the highest effective in pediculicide to head lice adults showing LC50 value of 0.001ml/cm2, followed by carbaryl shampoo (0.002 ml/cm2), permethrin shampoo (0.2 ml/cm2) and baby shampoo ( 2.2 ml/cm2) ,respectively. Meanwhile , no mortality of adults were observed in distillation water( negative control). All adults in negative control survived and normality throughout the testing periods.In addition, statistical analysis of head lice nymphs and adults showed significant differences between G. dulcis shampoo and two chemical shampoos( carbaryl shampoo and permethrin shampoo). In addition, nymphs(LT50 values 0.2 to 87.1 min) were more susceptibility to all tested shampoo than adults (with LT50 values 0.7 to 87.6 min).In vivo results as shown in Table 3 and Fig.2 ( the first application) , 4( the second application) and 5( the third application) , the results for the first application revealed that G. dulcis shampoo exhibited the highest cure rate(97.6%) and the lowest pediculosis(3.3%) ,followed by carbaryl shampoo and permethrin shampoo with the cure rate of 73.3 and 16.7 % and pediculosis of 26.7 and 83.3 % ,respectively. Meanwhile,Care baby shampooas the negative control showed 0% of cure rate and Pediculusis of 100%(100% of schoolchildren still had head lice on the head ) after the first application. The results for the second application showed that G. dulcis shampoo also exhibited the highest of cure rate (100%) and 0% of pediculosis followed by carbaryl shampoo and permethrin shampoo showed cure rate of 83.3 and 23.3% and pediculosis of 16.7 and 76.7 %, respectively. However , 100% pediculosis of all schoolchildren were recorded in th e Care baby shampoo treatment. Therefore, the Care baby shampoo( the negative control ) was not effective in pediculicide for head lice treatment. The results of the third application, G. dulcis shampoo also exhibited the most effective in pediculicide to head lice showing 100% of cure rate. Moreover, G. dulcis shampoo showed more effective in pediculicide( 100% of cure rate) than carbanyl shampoo ( 90.0% cure rate,10.0% pediculosis) and permethrin shampoo( 27.8% cure rate , 72.2% pediculicides). However,Care baby shampoo also showed nonpediculicidal activity with 100% of pediculosis in tested schoolchildren. All the result of this study pointed that G. dulcis shampoo was the highest efective pediculicide( 100% of cure rate,LT50 value less than 1.0 min) for controlling head lice. The G. dulcis shampoo exhibited more effective in pediculicide than carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and Care baby shampoo. In addition, after 1st, 2nd and 3rd applications, none of schoolchildren show ed negative side effect such as the red spot of the scalp and neck, burning sensation or irritation of the scalp.DiscussionOur data in this study, G. dulcis shampoo showed the highest toxic to nymph and adult of head lice with 100% mortality at 10 min, LT50 value 50 values ranged from 0.00001 to 0.001 ml/cm2, in vitro test. Moreover, this result showed more effective pediculicide than carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo), permethrin shampoo (Scully shampoo) and baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo). In addition , in vivo test, G. dulcis shampoo also showed toxicity to head lice and was more effective pediculicide for head lice treatment than two chemical and baby shampoos with 100% cure rate after the second application. Meanwhile, two chemical shampoos showed the cure rate of 27.0-90.0% after the third application. However,Care baby shampooas negative control in this research showed 0% of cure rate and 100% pediculosis( the tested schoolchildren still had head lice after the third applicati on). In addition, baby shampoo cannot be used as pediculicide for head lice treatment of schoolchildren, it was a mild formulation to mildly cleanse baby hair without sting babys eyes. As the result, baby shampoo is not suitable for controlling head lice. However, Rassami and Soonwera (2013) reported the high effective in pediculicide of herbal shampoos for head lice treatment of schoolchildren in Thailand such as herbal shampoos of Phyllanthus emblica (Euphorbiaceae) and Zanthoxylum limonella (Rutaceae) and Acorus calamus (Acoraceae) and the results for head lice treatments of all herbal shampoo were more effective in pediculicides than carbaryl and malathion shampoos. However, carbaryl shampoo (0.6% w/v carbaryl) in this study was a common pediculicide in Thailand market for head lice treatment. The toxicity of carbaryl shampoo to children ,after application of this chememical shampoo for head lice control also recorded in several parts of the world. Moreover, this chemical shampo o was the hazardous shampoo for infested children , especially the children less than 5 years of age and it high toxic to childrens nervous system(Eisenhower and Farrington,2012).Moreover, carbaryl pediculicide showed decreased efficacy against head lice and head lice resistance to carbaryl pediculicide has been reported in several countries such as Australia, UK and USA (Durand et al., 2012 and Eisenhower and Farrington,2012). Since 1995 In the UK, since 1995 carbaryl pediculicide has been available only on prescription, because of concerns about possible carcinogenic effect ( any substance that produces cancer). However,in the UK, 1% carbaryl product in sedimentary formulation is still recommended for UK head lice guidelines (Durand et al., 2012). On the other side, permethrin shampoo (0.5% w/v permethrin Scully shampoo) showed 30-75% mortality of nymphs and adults of head lice (LT50 values ranged from 28.9 to 61.8 min) in vitro test and exhibited 16.7-27.8% of cure rate (72.2-83. 3% of pediculosis in schoolchildren ) in vivo test and these results were less pediculicidal activities than G. dulcis shampoo. Moreover, in this study, permethrin shampoo showed the low efficacy in pediculicide may be explained by nymphs , adults and nits of head lice were resistance to permethrin shampoo . However, permethrin shampoo is the common and preferred shampoo of Thai infested children especially for the urban children for head lice treatment , because permethrin shampoo exhibited a rapid effect in mortality of head lice. Unfortunately, the toxicity of permethrin shampoo to children and head lice resistance to permethrin shampoo were recored in serveral parts of the world . Moreover, permethrin shampoo was the neurotoxic product for children ,it showed high toxic to nerve cells of children. The side effect after treated with permethrin shampoo were the itching , rash and burning of the childrens scalp and corneal damage of childrens eyes (Allen and Cox, 2016 and Ko and El ston, 2004 ). However ,permethrin shampoo also toxic to the head lices nervous system , it destroyed the nerve cells of head lice , resulting in incapability and mortality of head lice (Eisenhower and Farrington, 2012 and clever et al., 2008). However, pyrethroids products such as permethrin and D-phenothrin have been registered as pediculicides since the 1970s and have been widely common as over-the-counter pediculicides since the 1980s (Devore and Schutz,2015) .The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of USA approved permethrin pediculicide can be used in patients as young as 2 months of age and older and pregnant women ( American Academy of Pediatrics,2015). Consequently, discourage should be used in patients with ragweed allergy, because respiratory difficulty or asthmatic episodes may occur with permethrin use in such patients (Devore et al.,2015 and Eisenhower and Farrington, 2012). Moreover, The clinical and parasitologic resistance to pyrethroids was first reported in France in a randomized controlled trial and followed by additional reports from Europe (Czech Republic, United Kingdom and Denmark), the Middle East (Israel), North (United States), and South (Argentina) America, Asia (Japan), and Australia ( Durand et al.2012, Ko and Elton,2004 and West,2004).However, G. dulcis shampoo showed the most effective pediculicide in vitro and in vivo in this study. The alternative pediciculicides from herbs such as neem exhibited high potential for head lice treatment ( Abdel-Ghaffar et al., 2016). In addition, herbal shampoo base on 10% of long pepper (Piper retrofactum) fruits of Acorus calamus, Phyllanthus emblica and Zanthoxylum limonella extracts showed highly effective pediculicides for head lice treatment of infested schoolchildren in Ladkrabang area, Bangkok, Thailand, and these results were more effective in pediculicide than carbaryl and permethrin shampooes ( Rassami and Soonwera,2013 Soonwera, 2016). However , Audino et al.(2007) reported the loti ons containing essential oils from eucalyptus , peppermint and lavender showed more effective pediculicide than the commercial lotion in the Argentina market. Moreover, the commercial pediculicide products based on plants and herbs such as Licatack shampoo (extract of grapefruit), Aesculo Gel L (active compound noted Cocos nucifera oil), WashAway Laus shampoo (active compound noted neem extracts), Nopucid Bio Citrus (active compound noted bergamot essential oil), Paranix (active compound noted essential oils from coconut, anise, and ylang ylang), Puressntiel (active compound noted essential oils of lavender, clove, tea tree, geranium, vegetable oils of cocos, calophyllum, jojoba, sunflower, almond, ricin) showed high effectiveness against head lice (Abdel-Ghaffar et al., 2016 and Soonwera, 2016). However, G. dulcis is known as an Asian medicinal plant, belongs to the family Clusiaceae (Guttiferae) and is widely distributed in Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries (Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines (Deachathai et al., 2005 and Pinkaew et al., 2012).This plant is locally known as Maphuut in Thailand, Mundu in Indonesia and Malaysia. The G dulcis is an edidible plant and evergreen tree ( coat of 5 to 20 m high ,Fig 1). The fruit with yellow and white latexes and fruit latexes were turns to lightly brown on exposure to the air. The bark is dark brown and rough and much branched. The leaves are large and leathery with dark green gloss and leaves are opposite, simple large, ovate, and oval to belong up to 10-30 cm long by 3-15 cm wide(Fig 1). The fruits are oblate to round and the diameter of fruit size of 5.5-8.5 cm (Fig.1). The fruit peels are smooth, green when immature and tuning yellow or yellow-dark when ripe and usually 1 fruit has 1 to 5 seeds . The fruit peel is thin and soft when ripe while the fresh is pulpy and yellow in color. However, soft yellow flesh has a butter-like consistency and around acidic but pleasant to eat. The raw fruit is to o sour to be eaten but local Thai people used raw fruit of G. dulcis to improve the taste in sour and spicy soup, Thai curry , spicy soup , pickles and used mature fruits in jam ,butter or sherbet (Abu-Baker et al., 2015 and Lim, 2011). Furthermore,all part of G. dulcis has long been used in traditional Thai medicine to treat human diseases such as fever,cold ,antipyretic and detoxification (Deachathai et al., 2006 and Pinkaew et al., 2012). The stem bark has been used traditionally as anti-inflammatory agent and crushed extract from the bark is used for cleaning wounds while the fruit juice was used as expectorant for coughs, and scurvy. The extracts of G. dulcis grow are used for antipyretic, anti-toxic and detoxification (Deachathai et al., 2005 Lim, 2011 and Lamai et al., 2013). The traditional medicine of Indonesia have been used seeds and leaves of G. dulcis to treat human disase such as thyrocele , lymphatitis and parotitis and the extracts of G . dulcis fruits and leves to treat of anti-HIV activity , antiviral, ant-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor , anti-cancer and anti-oxidant (Abu-Bakar et al., 2015 Lamai et al., 2013 Hutadilox-Towatana et al., 2007 gyp et al., 2009 Pinkaew et al., 2012 and Tuansulong et al., 2011).However, G. dulcis is an edible plant in Thailand and also used as the medicinal plant in traditional Thai medicine and G.dulcis shampoo also exhibited the high effective in pediculicide to controlling head lice.Therefore, herbal shampoo from G. dulcis in this study is the effective and safe pediculicide and after application with G dulcis shampoo , the tested children were no-side effect such as the red spot or irritarion on the scalpes of the chidren.This herbal shampoo is suitable to be used as alternative herbal pediculicide for head lice treatment, especially for infested children in rural area of Thailand and may be the good and safe pediculicide for children of rural area of Southeast

The Apache And Christian Creation Stories Are Unique Religion Essay

The Apache And Christian Creation Stories Are Unique Religion EssayThe Apache and Christian knowledgeableness stories ar unique and interesting in their knowledge ways. Long ago, there were people in the United States before the European settlers. They were Native Americans, people whose hearts and souls were one with the land and surrounding nature, the Apache. The Apache people had a unique and well developed society which included every aspect of life. One of the most interesting aspects of the Apache is their entry layer. In the Apache creation story, nothing existed at the beginning there was no undercoat or anything for that matter, only darkness shrouded everywhere. From the darkness appeared a thin disc, one font yellow and the other side white, suspended in midair. Inside the disc sat a sm all(prenominal) bearded man, who was called Creator. In Apache religion there is one main Creator, Ussen, and then lesser gods, making them have a total of quaternary divinity fu dges thus making the Apache people polytheistic. The Creator found a Girl without Parents sitting on a cloud asking about the Earth. There were in addition four sacred colors, black, blue, yellow, and white which have guided the Apachs in their prayer to the Creator. The four colors interpret the colors of the threads Tarantula used to pull and stretch the earth. During creation, the Creator made the gods, heavens, earth, plants, and animals all from his sweat. The creator sent a lesser God named Lightning-Maker to circle the world, and he returned with three uncivilized creatures, two girls and a boy. These creatures had no eyes, ears, hair, mouths, noses, or teeth. They had arms and legs, solely no fingers or toes. The three creatures were placed inside a sweathouse created by Girl without Parents. They came out of the sweathouse and the Creator then gave each of them fingers, toes, mouths, eyes, ears, noses and hair. Creator named the boy, Sky-Boy, to be chief of the Sky-Peop le. One girl he named Earth-Daughter, to take steering of the earth and its crops. The other girl he named Pollen-Girl, and gave her charge of health care for all Earth-People. The Creator thought that it would be a fun idea to create animals, birds, trees, and hills to dish out the earth. Like many other religions, the Apache religion has a creation story that includes a flood. After the flood was over, the Creator left and put Lightning-Rumbler, in charge of clouds and water. The Creator left Sky-Boy in charge of the Sky-People. The Earth-Daughter was left in charge of all crops and Earth-People. Pollen-Girl was in charge of the health and guidance of everyone. The Christian theory of creation is unique in its own way as well. The Christian theory states that in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. When God created Light, he saw that the rest was good so he separated the light from the darkness. The light was called Day, and the darkness was called Night. This w as the first day of creation. The firmament that God created from water was called Heaven. Then evening and first light were created, this was the second day of creation. The water was gathered in one place so that dry land appeared, the dry land was called Earth, and the gathered water was called Seas. God then made the vegetation, plants yielding seed, and fruit trees bearing fruit, this was the end of the third day. On the fourth day, God made two great lights, a great light to rule the day, and a lesser light to rule the night he also made the stars. On the fifth and sixth days, God created the creatures of the Earth, sea, and huckster and told them to multiply. God created man in his own image, in the image, he created male and female. God blessed them, and told them to be fruitful and multiply. He also told them to command all of the earth and he gave them green plants for food. God blessed them and that was the end of the sixth day. God blessed the seventh day and rested f rom all his work. These creation stories are the backbone of each of the Christian and Apache belief systems.The Apache and Christian belief systems include a variety of characters, which are present in the creation stories. There is but only one God involved in the Christian creation story therefore making Christianity a monotheistic religion. The Apache creation story involves bigeminal figures the Creator and the lesser Gods making this a polytheistic faith. These characters have either helped the divine being create the universe or they were created by the divine being to take care of the Earth. The Creator in the Apache allegory is depicted as a small man with a beard. This can be compared to God in the Christian creation theory. Both are depicted as old males. These elderly male figures may represent wisdom and knowledge. In the Apache story, the Creator was the compulsory Being that is in charge of everything. There were also lesser Gods that helped the Creator create the Earth, while in the Christian theory, God created everything by himself. Although the God in the Christian creation story does get tried on the seventh day of creation and needs rest, he is not anthropomorphic. The Creator in the Apache story is considered to be anthropomorphic. The Creator displays humanlike characteristics, for instance, he was sweating throughout the whole creation time period.In the Apache creation story, there were many figures involved in the creation of the universe, while in Christianity there was only one God that created the universe. A very prominent concept that stood out in the Apache creation myth is the fact that there were animals involved in the creation of the universe. Animals like hummingbirds and tarantulas played a vital part in the creation of the universe. The fact that animals aided in the creation of the universe, is reflected in the actual beliefs of the Apache people. The Apache believe in nagualism and animism. They believe that a human being has the power to magically turn him or herself into an animal form. They also believe that that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in animals, plants, and other parts of the natural environment. followers of the Christian faith do not believe in nagualism as this belief is thought to be a primitive practice. Animals are considered sacred to the Apache, so there sacredness may be because of the roles the animals played in the creation of the universe. Animals do not seem as significant in the Christian faith, maybe this because animals were real created by God and did not assist in the creation of the universe.The use of numbers in the Apache and the Christian creation stories is very prominent. The number four is considered to be sacred to the Apache. During the creation of the universe, the Apache Creator always said things four times, and he clapped and rubbed his hands together four times. There were also a total of four Gods that mixed their sweat togeth er to create a bean which eventually became the earth. The tarantula spun black, blue, yellow, and white cords and pulled them in four direction east, south, west, and north. The number four was a significant part of the Apache creation story. The number four is still considered sacred to the Apache. During rituals and dances, they sing all their songs and prayers in sets of four all rites last four nights. In the Christian belief, it took seven days to create the universe. This can be related to the amount of days we have in a week. In the creation myth, God hallowed on the seventh day and worked the other six days. In our modern world, Sunday -the seventh day of the week- is supposed to be for rest, bonny like in the Christian creation myth. The number seven is also consequential in both the Old Testament and the New Testament. It seems that numerology was so important that representing an event or series of events with the number 7 helped prove that the story was true. The numb er seven also means control. The numerology that appeared in the creation stories reflects belief of the individual creed.

Mother Teresa Essay -- essays research papers

Choose the deuce sections of Mother Tesresas book that stuck out most, and explain why they made an impact on you.This book was so informative that it is so hard to pick only two parts that impacted me the most. If I remove to choose only two the first would be Chapter Eight, The Poor and Rich in Love. As Mother Theresa makes so many points in this section. The stories she tells about bringing the dying(p) off the streets to become flat in peace. This is so touching that these missionaries devote their lives to the poor. They choose to be poor, and Mother Theresa talks about they choose to be poor to unfeignedly understand and tincture what these poor people are experiencing. The stories she tells of bringing dying people in from the streets and how they die so peacefully and have a last change to really feel that there is a God originally passing away, this is very touching. There are poor people all over the world and these sisters have devoted their lives to the poor and c hoose to be poor themselves. Which Mother Teresa says she feels is important, this way they can understand these people and do work for Jesus. In several sections she speaks of dying people who are so happy that they have been brought to a wonderful peaceful place to die. They get to believe in God again before passing away. They actually are smiling as they die, with someone who cares at there side. After leaving on the streets for years and no one absentminded them, how peaceful it must be to die ...

Western Expansion Essay -- United States History Historical Essays

The Westward Expansion Introduction The Westward Expansion has often been regarded as the central theme of American history, down to the end of the19th degree centigrade and as the main factor in the fictile of American history. As Frederick Jackson Turner says, the greatest force or influence in shaping American democracy and society had been that thither was so much free land in America and this profoundly affected American society. Motives After the revolution, the taking of independence opened up the Western country and was hence followed by a steady flow of settlers to the Mississippi valley. By 1840, 10 new occidental give tongue tos had been added to the Federal union. The frontier line ran through Iowa, Missouri and Arkansas on the western side of the river. All parts of the valley except Wisconsin and Minnesota were wellhead populated. Thus a whole new section had been colonized with lasting effects on the American institutions, ideals and ways of living. The far west was the land of highschool mountains, deserts, strange rock formations, brilliant colors and immense distance. Fur trade with Europe had like a shot become a lucrative business and the fur traders became the pathfinders for the settlers. Migration was now possible by the discovery of paths over which ox-driven carts could be driven through seeking mountains and across the western desert. People wanted to move away from the overcrowded cities and this conduct to the migration into the uninhabited lands. Increased transportation like roads, railroads and canals and their construction created a demand for cheap labor making it easier for people to get jobs now, in contrast with the cities where there was unemployment. The pi aneer movement for 70 years after the revolution roughly represented the form of 3 parallel streams, flowing westwards from New England, Virginia and sulphur Carolina. The first pioneer groups tended to move directly westward. Thus the new Englanders migrated i nto western New York and along the shores of the great lakes, Virginians into Kentucky and then into Missouri and the South Carolinians and Georgians into the gulf territories. throughout the settlement of the Mississippi valley, most pioneers did not travel long distances and as a territory had been occupied, families would move into the adjacent one. There were boom periods of great activity, during which cardinal acres of land were sold, alternated ... ...or wider opportunities. Even the safety valve theory has an element of truth when applied to ambitious schoolgirlish men of the professional class who had a recrudesce chance of making it big much quicker in the West than in the East. Without the open frontier, moreover, there would have been a much larger migration of young people from the farms to the cities thus the frontier helped indirectly to check the exploitation of the working class by preventing it from expanding too rapidly. The Westward Expansion also weakened st ate and regional loyalties and promoted national unity due to its inherent mobility. Most westerners thought of themselves primarily as Americans, and wanted strong national government with broad powers for exploitation transportation and promoting the general welfare. The most significant feature of the Westward Expansion was that the pioneers took with them the essential institutions of their civilization. Thus we must look upon the Westward Expansion as one of the factors in the shaping of the American civilization but not the only one. AKSHARA PRADHAN Roll No. 385 Tute. Grp.- Tuesday, 1st Pd. Bibliography the history of the united states of america -H.B.Parkes